Particle Ga が
In general, you don't need it. In the instances where you do, you can slowly build a feel for it. Basically, you need it in situations where you're not expressing a change in subject, but where you want to state the subject even though it has already been established. Usually, this is to add emphasis or to avoid ambiguity.
社長は、あしたパーティにいくか。
しゃちょう は、あした パーティ に いく か
"Is the president going to the party tomorrow?"
しゃちょう は、あした パーティ に いく か
"Is the president going to the party tomorrow?"
うん〜ん、いかないみたい。
"No, it doesn't look like it."
(Throw in a "みたい" because you don't wan't to seem too certain of the
actions of others in Japanese. We're not really covering that though,
it's just a side note.)
"No, it doesn't look like it."
なんで?
"Why not?"
"Why not?"
それがわからない
"I really don't know why."
There's no real ambiguity in this case, and "わからない" alone would
have worked, but it is a case where you're not changing an understood
subject to another, you're restating the understood subject as such for
some emphasis. If you're stating an established subject, for whatever
reason, use が. But you could have deleted, and if you were following
the earlier explanation you should have. (This one sentence also helps
to dispell the myth that は is for negative sentences.)
"I really don't know why."
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